ADisturbance frequency is very low — allowing climax communities to develop fully

BDisturbance frequency is very high — eliminating all competitive dominants

CDisturbance is at intermediate frequency/intensity — preventing competitive exclusion while allowing recovery

DThe ecosystem has no disturbance whatsoever — maximum stability enables maximum diversity

AThe age of the island and the number of endemic species

BAn equilibrium between immigration rate (from mainland) and extinction rate, both influenced by island size and distance from mainland

CThe total area of the island only — larger islands always have more species

DThe climate of the island, independent of immigration from the mainland

AA single large continuous population is always more vulnerable than many small isolated populations

BA species can persist as a network of semi-isolated subpopulations linked by dispersal, even if individual subpopulations regularly go extinct (local extinction balanced by recolonisation)

CPopulations in different habitats always evolve independently with no gene flow

DMetapopulations only exist in marine ecosystems with currents connecting habitats