ADirect destruction of B lymphocytes, preventing antibody production

BInfection and progressive depletion of CD4⁺ T-helper lymphocytes, collapsing the adaptive immune response

CBlocking neutrophil production in the bone marrow

DCompetitive inhibition of complement proteins in the serum

AInhibit bacterial protein synthesis by blocking the 50S ribosomal subunit

BInhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis by blocking transpeptidation of peptidoglycan crosslinks

CDamage bacterial cell membranes causing osmotic lysis

DInhibit bacterial DNA gyrase, preventing DNA replication

AVaccines directly kill pathogens before they can infect the host

BVaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response and immunological memory — subsequent exposure to the real pathogen triggers a rapid, amplified secondary response preventing disease

CVaccines provide passive immunity by transferring pre-formed antibodies

DVaccines activate only non-specific innate immune responses